I have this situation:
unit:
    sqkm: Square Kilometers
my_translation: Size is %size% ## I want to append the value of unit.sqkm here ##
Is there a way to reference the translation of the unit.sqkm inside the my_translation key?
Edit: Please note that i do know how i can do this via twig. My question is: is there a way to do this in the translation files.
I extended Symfony Tanslator for this:
<?php
namespace Bundle\Program\Translation;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Translation\Translator as BaseTranslator;
class Translator extends BaseTranslator
{
    /**
     * Uses Symfony Translator to translate, but enables referencing other translations via @@code@@
     */
    public function trans($id, array $parameters = array(), $domain = null, $locale = null)
    {
        $text = parent::trans($id, $parameters, $domain, $locale);
        $translations = [];
        $delimiter = "@@";
        $strLen = strlen($delimiter);
        $pos = strpos($text, $delimiter);
        while ($pos !== false) {
            $startsAt = $pos + $strLen;
            $endsAt = strpos($text, $delimiter, $startsAt);
            $translations[] = $delimiter . substr($text, $startsAt, $endsAt - $startsAt) . $delimiter;
            $pos = strpos($text, $delimiter, $endsAt + $strLen);
        }
        foreach ($translations as $translation) {
            $translationTrim = str_replace($delimiter, '', $translation);
            $text = str_replace($translation, $this->trans($translationTrim, $parameters, $domain, $locale), $text);
        }
        return $text;
    }
}
Then replace the Symfony translator class via parameters:
parameters:
    translator.class: Bundle\Program\Translation\Translator
Now you can reference other translations via @@other.translation@@ INSIDE your yml file.
In your Twig template, try this :
{{ 'my_translation' | trans({'%size%': size, 'unit.sqkm' : ('unit.sqkm'|trans)}) }}
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