Why do most system architects insist on first programming to an interface?

Question

Almost every Java book I read talks about using the interface as a way to share state and behaviour between objects that when first "constructed" did not seem to share a relationship.

However, whenever I see architects design an application, the first thing they do is start programming to an interface. How come? How do you know all the relationships between objects that will occur within that interface? If you already know those relationships, then why not just extend an abstract class?

Answer 1

Programming to an interface means respecting the "contract" created by using that interface. And so if your IPoweredByMotor interface has a start() method, future classes that implement the interface, be they MotorizedWheelChair, Automobile, or SmoothieMaker, in implementing the methods of that interface, add flexibility to your system, because one piece of code can start the motor of many different types of things, because all that one piece of code needs to know is that they respond to start(). It doesn't matter how they start, just that they must start.

Answer 2

Great question. I'll refer you to Josh Bloch in Effective Java, who writes (item 16) why to prefer the use of interfaces over abstract classes. By the way, if you haven't got this book, I highly recommend it! Here is a summary of what he says:

1. Existing classes can be easily retrofitted to implement a new interface. All you need to do is implement the interface and add the required methods. Existing classes cannot be retrofitted easily to extend a new abstract class.
2. Interfaces are ideal for defining mix-ins. A mix-in interface allows classes to declare additional, optional behavior (for example, Comparable). It allows the optional functionality to be mixed in with the primary functionality. Abstract classes cannot define mix-ins -- a class cannot extend more than one parent.
3. Interfaces allow for non-hierarchical frameworks. If you have a class that has the functionality of many interfaces, it can implement them all. Without interfaces, you would have to create a bloated class hierarchy with a class for every combination of attributes, resulting in combinatorial explosion.
4. Interfaces enable safe functionality enhancements. You can create wrapper classes using the Decorator pattern, a robust and flexible design. A wrapper class implements and contains the same interface, forwarding some functionality to existing methods, while adding specialized behavior to other methods. You can't do this with abstract methods - you must use inheritance instead, which is more fragile.

What about the advantage of abstract classes providing basic implementation? You can provide an abstract skeletal implementation class with each interface. This combines the virtues of both interfaces and abstract classes. Skeletal implementations provide implementation assistance without imposing the severe constraints that abstract classes force when they serve as type definitions. For example, the Collections Framework defines the type using interfaces, and provides a skeletal implementation for each one.