I use VSCode(code editor, not IDE) for C++ with only Microsoft's C++ extension and today I have encountered a problem here. When I write the wrong syntax, the "PROBLEMS" panel does not show errors. It only shows errors on building the code. Earlier that wasn't the case. How do I fix this ?
Before building:

After building:


I got that error by Disable error squiggles. If you don't reach that error in my case, don't read anymore.

After ignoring, I got your problem:

To fix this, open settings.json file:

Scroll to the end, then set "C_Cpp.errorSquiggles": from Disabled to Enabled.

After reading the question, and the comments, my understanding is that you want Visual Studio Code to tell you when you make a mistake on the sintax, without having to compile the project.
What could be wrong is your C++ IntelliSense, which is odd because it comes in bundle with the C/C++ extension from Microsoft. The extension itself might be disabled, corrupted during an aborted update, or uninstalled.
Have you tried the good old and helpful uninstall and reinstall the extension? That normally fixes my problems with extensions in Visual Studio and VS Code
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