This is a vocabulary concept introduced in most web frontend frameworks of today. The parameters that are passed to a component are called "props", whether in React or Vue, for instance.
Even the official documentations refers to the word "prop" all over the place, including in translated versions.
I personally prefer to use the full word "property" because "prop" sounds a little weird to my ears. I agree, that is quite a subjective perception.
As "prop" is so widely used, is it just a shorthand for "property" or a slightly different concept I should be aware of?
As you suspected, “props” is just short for “properties”. The old React docs say this directly (https://legacy.reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html):
This function is a valid React component because it accepts a single “props” (which stands for properties) object argument with data and returns a React element.
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