I have the positioning exactly how I want it, but the circle around the 58 is supposed to be a perfect circle, instead it's adjusting to the content in the container. How can I fix this problem?
Here is what it looks like https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tb75A.png Here is what I need it to look like https://i.stack.imgur.com/LgQFI.png
Here is the JSX
<div className="second-col-container">
          <h2>Air Quality Index</h2>
             <div className="mod-container">
               <span className="index">58</span>
             <div className="para-mod">
               <span className="mod">Moderate</span>
              <div>
                Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there
                may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of
                people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
CSS
.second-col-container {
  background-color: white;
  width: 250px;
  grid-area: air-index;
  margin-top: 20px;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.second-col-container h2 {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.para-mod {
  font-size: small;
  width: 60%;
  color: grey;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.index {
  margin: 5px 0 0 5px;
  color: black;
  font-size: xx-large;
  border: 3px solid rgb(223, 217, 217);
  border-left-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
  border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
  padding: 15px;
  border-radius: 100%;
}
.mod-container {
  display: flex;
}
.mod {
  font-size: large;
  color: black;
}
                To center the inner div element we will make the parent a flex container. By adding the display: flex; property we make the section element a flex container allowing us to adjust the layout of the div which is now a flex item. To center out item horizontally we use the justify-content: center; .
default flex-direction: row; The flexbox items are ordered the same way as the text direction, along the main axis. flex-direction: row-reverse; The flexbox items are ordered the opposite way as the text direction, along the main axis.
In simple words, flex-items now expand from right to left as shown in the given figure. When justify-content is set to “flex-end”, it instantly shifts all the flex-items to the end of the flex-container along the main-axis, i.e flex items get right aligned.
I would start by giving the circle a fixed height and width. Then giving it a border-radius of 50%. and that would solve the first problem ( to make it into a perfect circle).
The second problem centering the text. Give the span a display: flex then use    align-items: center; and  justify-content: center; and you are good to go.
.index {
    margin: 5px 0 0 5px;
    color: black;
    height: 50px;
    width: 50px;
    position: relative;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    display: flex;
    font-size: xx-large;
    border: 3px solid rgb(223, 217, 217);
    border-left-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
    border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
    /* padding: 15px; */
    border-radius: 50%;
}

With only display: flex applied to the parent div .mod-container., your <span class="index"> element containing the 2 digit number is growing to fill the content of its parent container.
Next, I centered the .mod-container flexbox content with justify-content: center and aligned using align-items: flex-start. This seems to match your desired image. (I can update class syntax to JSX if you need)
.second-col-container {
  background-color: white;
  width: 250px;
  grid-area: air-index;
  margin-top: 20px;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.second-col-container h2 {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.para-mod {
  font-size: small;
  color: grey;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.index {
  margin: 5px 0 0 5px;
  color: black;
  font-size: xx-large;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: 3px solid rgb(223, 217, 217);
  border-left-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
  border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 170, 11);
  padding: 15px;
}
.mod-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: flex-start;
}
<div class="second-col-container">
  <h2>Air Quality Index</h2>
     <div class="mod-container">
       <span class="index">58</span>
     <div class="para-mod">
       <span class="mod">Moderate</span>
      <div>
        Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there
        may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of
        people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
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