Are Duplicate HTTP Response Headers acceptable?

Question

Yes

HTTP RFC2616 available here says:

Multiple message-header fields with the same field-name MAY be present in a message if and only if the entire field-value for that header field is defined as a comma-separated list [i.e., #(values)]. It MUST be possible to combine the multiple header fields into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing the semantics of the message, by appending each subsequent field-value to the first, each separated by a comma. The order in which header fields with the same field-name are received is therefore significant to the interpretation of the combined field value, and thus a proxy MUST NOT change the order of these field values when a message is forwarded

So, multiple headers with the same name is ok (www-authenticate is such a case) if the entire field-value is defined as a comma-separated list of values.

Cache-control is documented here: http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9 like this:

Cache-Control   = "Cache-Control" ":" 1#cache-directive

The #1cache-directive syntax defines a list of at least one cache-directive elements (see here for the formal definition of #values: Notational Conventions and Generic Grammar)

So, yes,

Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store

is equivalent to (order is important)

Cache-Control: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-store

Note that the HSTS RFC6797 contradicts the RFC2616 (violating the "if and only if" language) by defining the behavior for multiple instances of the STS header, though it is not populated with comma-separated values:

  "If a UA receives more than one STS header field in an HTTP
  response message over secure transport, then the UA MUST process
  only the first such header field."